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câu hỏi		câu trả lời
Translation shifts: level shifts bắt đầu học		Departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to TL.
types of translation shifts 1. vocabulary shifts 2. grammar shifts bắt đầu học		The SL item has a TL equivalent at a different level (forest, wood vs las, puszcza, bór) gram.eg. He did not see me. Nie widzial mnie Spytal gdzie bylam. He asked me where I had been.
Structure shifts bắt đầu học		involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and TT
Class shifts bắt đầu học		when a SL item is translated with a TL item, which belongs to a different grammatical class a verb may be translated with a noun, an adjective with a noun, Twoja twarz wydaje mi sie obca. Your face would seem a stranger’s face to me.
Unit shifts bắt đầu học		Which involve changes in rank, involving eg. syntax one sentence in two sentences
Intra-system-shifts bắt đầu học		translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system Nic ich nie bedzie cieszyc. Nothing will make them happy
shifts criticism bắt đầu học		shifts concern all the factors (cultural situation and historical facts) not just linguistics as a only discipline
House, translation Quality Assessment 1997 - bắt đầu học		Equivalence needed for the evaluation of translation.
functionalist approach bắt đầu học		A translation model in which the languages of ST and TT are equivalent in function
Translation is only considered to be adequate in quality if bắt đầu học		it matches the textual profile & and function of the ST

Translation shifts (27 + 3/4 str)

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