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What are targeting regimes in the world? bắt đầu học
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- Inflation targeting regime - Inflation targeting regime with prevailing rates close to 0% - mixed targeting regime - exchange rate targeting regime
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Give example of country with inflation targeting regime bắt đầu học
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Russia, most of the Europe, Brazil
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Give example of country with inflation targeting regime with prevailing rates close to 0% bắt đầu học
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Give example of country with mixed targeting regime bắt đầu học
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China, Kazakhstan, Indonesia
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Give example of country with exchange rate targeting regime. bắt đầu học
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Denmark, Bulgaria, Venezuela
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What is the active approach? bắt đầu học
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the bank conducts action on its initiative
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What is the passive approach? bắt đầu học
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basically means that market participants may totally on their discretion choose to exchange any amounts of currency through available fixed exchange rate. Such approach is based on the assumption that rational market players will want to exhaust the opportunity to make gain or avoid loss and will exchange the currency until it reaches the equilibrium of the fixed peg.
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What in theory don't do banks with exchange rate targeting? bắt đầu học
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do not try to influence the inner economy by any means except for the FX interventions.
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What are the most common interventions by currency? bắt đầu học
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sale of USD, than purchase of USD
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What is Repurchase Agreement (repo)? bắt đầu học
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The Fed purchases US government securities will an agreement that the seller will buy them back (repurchase them) at a specified price on a specified date, usually within two weeks. A repo is therefore like a temporary open market purchase, temporarily increasing the monetary base.
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What is matched sale-purchase transaction (reverse repo)? bắt đầu học
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The Fed sells US government securities with an agreement that the buyer will sell them back at a specified price on a specified date, again usually within two weeks. A reverse repo is therefore like a temporary open market sale, temporarily decreasing the monetary base.
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What are the advantages of open market operations? bắt đầu học
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They are under the direct and complete control of the Fed; They can be large or small; They can be easily reversed; They can be implemented quickly
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How can Fed can affect the volume of discount loans? bắt đầu học
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by setting the discount rate
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What happens when the discount rate is higher bắt đầu học
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A higher discount rate makes discount borrowing less attractive to banks and will therefore reduce the volume of discount loans.
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What happens when the discount rate is lower? bắt đầu học
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A lower discount rate makes discount borrowing more attractive to banks and will therefore increase the volume of discount loans.
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What is the advantage of discount loan? bắt đầu học
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They allow the Fed to act as a lender of last resort during a financial panic.
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Disadvantages of using discount loans as a tool for monetary policy during normal times: bắt đầu học
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The volume of discount loans can be influenced by the Fed, but not completely controlled: The Fed cannot be sure how many banks will request discount loans at any given interest rate. Changes in the discount rate must be proposed by the Federal Reserve Banks before being approved by the Board of Governors. Hence, they are neither quickly made nor easily reversed.
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disadvantages of changes in reserve requirements bắt đầu học
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Large changes in reserves must be approved by Congress. Hence, large changes cannot be made quickly and easily. Also, if a bank holds only a small amount of excess reserves and the required reserve ratio is increased, the bank will have to quickly acquire reserves by borrowing, selling securities, or reducing its loans. Each of these three options is costly and disruptive. Hence, changes in reserve requirements can cause problems for banks by making liquidity management more difficult.
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