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bắt đầu học
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The ability to create an infinite number of new sentences that are also grammatically correct
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Give an example of a phrase structure rule bắt đầu học
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The deep structure and surface structure bắt đầu học
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The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. • That same deep structure can be the source of many other surface structures
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bắt đầu học
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specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents
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bắt đầu học
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Transform sentences, e.g., from statements to questions
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example of a transformational rule bắt đầu học
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Statement: "She is happy." → Question: "Is she happy?
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bắt đầu học
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is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences (Semantics is concerned with objective or general meaning)
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bắt đầu học
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Conceptual and associative meaning
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(denotative, literal, dictinary) bắt đầu học
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covers basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word needle - ‘thin, sharp, steel instrument’ (basic components of the word)
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bắt đầu học
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all types of associations or connotations different people might have attached to a word
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bắt đầu học
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– crucial elements or features of meaning Example: to be a subject of a sentence a noun must be animate Boy (+animate) Hamburger (-animate)
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bắt đầu học
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The roles of sentence participants, e.g., agent, theme The boy kicked the ball. • The agent - ‘the entity that performs the action’ (the boy) • The theme (the patient) – ‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’ (the ball)
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bắt đầu học
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1 agent, 2 theme, 3 instument, 4 experiencer, 5 localisation, 6 source, 7 goal
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bắt đầu học
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‘the entity that performs the action
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bắt đầu học
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‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’
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bắt đầu học
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an entity used to perform an action
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bắt đầu học
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an entity (a person) who has a feeling, perception or state; s/he is not performing any action
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the location, source, goal bắt đầu học
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The location - where an entity is (on the table, in the room) • The source – where the entity moves from (from Chcago) • The goal - where the entity moves to (to New Orlean)
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bắt đầu học
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The relationships between words
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7 types of lexical relations bắt đầu học
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Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, metonymy, collocations.
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bắt đầu học
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Two or more words with very closely related meanings; they can be substituted for each other in sentences
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bắt đầu học
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Words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., "bare" and "bear"
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bắt đầu học
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The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category The best examples of a category, e.g., "sparrow" as a prototype of a bird.
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Antonyms are divided into two main types: • ‘gradable’ (opposites along a scale) • ‘non-gradable’ (direct opposites) bắt đầu học
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Two forms with opposite meanings alive/dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false
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bắt đầu học
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When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan
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bắt đầu học
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when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution) bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sports) mole (on skin) – mole (small animal) pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye) race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group)
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bắt đầu học
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When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation bare/bear, meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, right/write, sew/so and to/too/two.
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bắt đầu học
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Two or more words with the same form and related meanings Head - the object on top of the body, on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department. • Foot (of person, of bed, of mountain) or • Run (person does, water does, colors do)
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bắt đầu học
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close connection in everyday experience a container–contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice), • a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) • a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President/the White House
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bắt đầu học
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a predictable combination of words‘; words frequently occurring together Hammer – nail • Table – chair • Butter – bread • Needle – thread • Salt – pepper
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bắt đầu học
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complementary, gradable, and relational gradable - opposite along on a scale (big-small, old-new, early-late) non-gradable - direct opposite (black-white, dead-alive, true-false) reelational - frtom the same family (parent-child, teacher-student, give-recive)
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special properties of human language (natural language) bắt đầu học
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Duality, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness Displacement • Arbitrariness • Productivity • Cultural transmission • Duality
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What are the areas in the brain responsible for speech bắt đầu học
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Broca’s area (speech production) and Wernicke’s area (understanding the speech)
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bắt đầu học
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is a bundle of nerve fibers which forms a connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. • Discoverd by Wernicke
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bắt đầu học
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an area in the brain that controls movement of the muscles. The part of the motor cortex that controls the articulatory muscles of the face, jaw, tongue and larynx is located close to Broca’s area
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3 difficulties in speech production bắt đầu học
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• The tip of the tongue phenomenon • A slip of the tongue • A slip of the ear
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The tip of the tongue phenomenon bắt đầu học
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We feel that we know the word but it doesn’t want to come to the surface
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bắt đầu học
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An unintentional error in speaking, where someone says something different from what they intended. It often involves mixing up sounds, words, or sentence structures noble tons of soil --- noble sons of toil A speech error where a person unintentionally says a different word or phrase than intended.
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bắt đầu học
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A mishearing of spoken words
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Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s aphasia • Conduction aphasia bắt đầu học
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an impairment of language function caused by localized brain damage; it results in difficulties understanding and/or producing linguistic forms
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bắt đầu học
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a reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation, slow, often effortful speech , lexical morphemes (e.g. nouns, verbs). frequent omission of functional morphemes (e.g. articles, prepositions) and inflections (e.g. plural - s, past tense -ed) speech is ‘agrammatic’. I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast
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related to difficulties in auditory comprehension, sometimes called ‘sensory aphasia’. bắt đầu học
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-very fluent speech which is, however, often difficult to make sense of. very general terms are used, even in response to questions for specific information. difficulties finding the correct word (anomia); to deal with problem → describing the objects or their puropse
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Caused by the damage to the arcuate fasciculus bắt đầu học
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sometimes mispronounce words, but usually do not have articulation problems. they are fluent, but rhythm may be disrupted due to pauses comprehension of spoken words is good. repeating a word or phrase (spoken by someone else) is problematic.
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bắt đầu học
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A period in childhood during which language acquisition occurs most efficiently; after this period, learning language becomes more difficult. first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language
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difference between acquiring a language and learning a language bắt đầu học
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acquiring a language natural process when a child learns the language throught the contact with enviroment without formal instructions learning- aquiring the language through formal way, from books, lessons, grammal rules
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bắt đầu học
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The Language Acquisition Device – a hypothetical mechanism in a child's brain that facilitates language acquisition allows children laquiring the language quickly and effortcently
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What does it mean that interaction is required in first language acquisition bắt đầu học
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Children need to interact with others to effectively acquire language listening is not enough to master the languag. children must particioate in interactions with other people
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What does it mean that cultural transmission is required in first language acquisition bắt đầu học
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Language is passed down through generations in a social and cultural context how the concepts from one culture are passed down from generation to generation
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bắt đầu học
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Child-Directed Speech – the way adults speak to children, characterized by simple vocabulary, clear articulation, and repetition
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