językoznastwo

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câu hỏi câu trả lời
neologisms
bắt đầu học
new words that enter a language
etymology
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the study of the origin and history of word
coinage
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totally new words (aspirine, nylon, vaseine, zipper, xenox, teflon)
eponyms
bắt đầu học
new words based on the name of a person or a place (hoover, sandwich, jeans, walt, volt)
borrowing
bắt đầu học
taking over the words from other language (crossaint, dope, lilac, piano, pretzel, tatto, yogur, zebra)
loan transision (calque)
bắt đầu học
direct translation of a word into borrowing language (sky-scrapper)
blending
bắt đầu học
joining the begginig of one word to the end of the other word (smoke+fog= smog, brunch=breakfast+lunch)
clipping
bắt đầu học
word of more than one syllabkle is reduced to a shorter form (gasoline-gas, advertisment-ad, fanatic-fan)
hypocorism
bắt đầu học
longer word is reduced to a single syllable, -y or -ie is added to the end of a word (movie, telly, barbie)
bacformation
bắt đầu học
word of one type (noun for example) is reduced to form a form of another type (usually a verb); removing the suffixes (donate-donation, babysit-babysitter, worker- work, editor-edit)
conversion
for example N->V without any reduction
bắt đầu học
a change in a function of a word
, (N->V: bottle, butter, chair, vacation V->N: a guess, a must, a spy, a printout V->Adj: see-through, stand-up Adj-> V or N: a dirty floor- to dirty, an empty room- to emoty, nasty people- the nasty, up/down- to up/ to down)
acronyms
bắt đầu học
first letters of the main words created a new word
types of acronyms
• CD (compact disc) - the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter • NATO, NASA, UNESCO - pronounced as single words
bắt đầu học
vv
• many acronyms simply become everyday terms, e.g. laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detacting and ranging)
derivational
bắt đầu học
the process based on adding affixes to the word (-un, -ful, -les, -ish, pre, mis-)
affixes
bắt đầu học
bund morphemes that cannot stand alone Prefixes: un- (unhappy) - Suffixes: -ish (yellowish) - Infixes: not found in English
morphology
bắt đầu học
the study of forms
morpheme
bắt đầu học
a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function reopened (3 morphemes): open - minimal unit of meaning re- - minimal unit of meaning (re= again) -ed - minimal unit of gramatical function (past tense)
free morphemes
bắt đầu học
morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, for example, open and tour
bound morphemes
bắt đầu học
cannot stand alone and are attached to another form (re-, -ist, -ed, -s) They are also identified as affixes. All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes.
stem
bắt đầu học
When free morphemes are used with bound morphemes, the basic word forms are called (un-DRESS-ed, CARE-less-ness)
Bound stems
bắt đầu học
stem is not a free morpheme. receive, reduce and repeat - the bound morpheme re-, - but the elements -ceive, -duce and - peat are not separate word forms (so they are not free morphemes) → bound stems
free morphemes- lexical & functional
open class of words functional morphemes - functional words (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns); closed class of words, e.g. and, but, when, because, on,
bắt đầu học
open class of words
lexical morphemes - ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that carry the 'content' of messages; near, above, in, the, that, it, them.
derivational morphemes
bắt đầu học
used to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem, e.g. -ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and -ment in payment, + prefixes: re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-, etc
inflextional morphemes
bắt đầu học
are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
Provide 8 English derivational morphemes
bắt đầu học
'S (possessive) -s (third-person singular) -s (plural) -ed (past tense) -ing (present participle) -er (comparative) -est (superlative) -en
morph
bắt đầu học
morphs' are the actual realizations of 'morphemes'
allomorph
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used to realize the inflectional morpheme 'plural'
How can morphemes be divided?
bắt đầu học
free and bound morphemes
free morphemes
bắt đầu học
Can stand alone, e.g., "cat"
bound stem? Give an example
bắt đầu học
A root that cannot stand alone, e.g., "ceive" in "receive"
What types of free morphemes do you know?
bắt đầu học
Lexical (e.g., "house") and functional (e.g., "and")
What types of bound morphemes do you know?
bắt đầu học
Derivational and inflectional
lexical morphemes
bắt đầu học
Carry meaning, e.g., "dog"
functional morphemes
bắt đầu học
Have a grammatical function, e.g., "in", "the".
derivational morphemes
bắt đầu học
Create new words, e.g., "-ness" in "happiness"
inflectional morphemes
bắt đầu học
Change grammatical form, e.g., "-ed" in "walked"
phrase
bắt đầu học
group of words standing together
What types of phrases do you know?
bắt đầu học
Noun (NP), verb (VP), adjective (AdjP), adverb (AdvP), prepositional (PP) phrases
sentence
bắt đầu học
A set of words containing a subject and a predicate, forming a complete thought
grammar
bắt đầu học
The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences that allows to make the grammatical sequences in a language and not the ungrammatical ones
8 basic parts of speech
bắt đầu học
adverb, article, pronoun, preposition, conjuction, noun, verb, adjective,
agreement
bắt đầu học
The grammatical consistency between parts of a sentence, e.g., subject-verb agreement.
What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar?
bắt đầu học
Prescriptive grammar states how language should be used; descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used.
syntax
bắt đầu học
the structure and ordering of elements within a sentence
‘all and only criterion’
bắt đầu học
'all the grammatical sentences and only grammatical sentences will be produced
Define the productivity of language
bắt đầu học
The ability to create an infinite number of sentences.
recursion
bắt đầu học
recursion rule have the possibility to repeat grammar structure or type of linguistic element; he ability to embed structures within structures indefinitely

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