IB - Module 4

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convergence
bắt đầu học
countries are coming together economically, politically and culturally; product of globalization
diversity
bắt đầu học
results from different historical developments, sometimes referred to as a path dependency
implications of convergence for managers
bắt đầu học
1. global scale of production (economies of scale), 2. global operations (managers and staff can be easily transferred around), 3. ideas and techniques are easily transferable
culture
bắt đầu học
all human activity that is socially transmitted, including norms, values, and beliefs
culture levels
bắt đầu học
1. visible culture (artefacts, goods, and institutions), 2. deeper level culture (beliefs of right and wrong), 3. deepest level culture (basic assumptions)
Hofstede's 6 levels of cultural differences
bắt đầu học
1. Broad cultural differences between countries, 2. Regional differences, 3. cultural differences between genders, 4. Differences between generations, 5. Differences in social class, 6. Different organizational cultures
high context cultures (Edward Hall)
bắt đầu học
information is regarded as an extension of a person; long-term relationships of the people communicating is more important than the content of the message; e.g. in Latin America, Japan
low context cultures (Edward Hall)
bắt đầu học
message of communication is more important because it carries a clear and unambiguous meaning
Hofstede's 6 dimensions of cultural variables
bắt đầu học
1. Power Distance, 2. Individualism/Collectivism, 3. Uncertainty Avoidance, 4. Masculinity/Feminity (masculine=achievement, different gender roles; feminine=quality of life), 5. Long/Short term orientation, 6. Indulgence/Restraint
Anglo-Saxon Model
bắt đầu học
liberal approach, competitive, individualistic, less state intervention; e.g. in USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada
Social Market Model
bắt đầu học
legal state regulation of business decisions in a free market, private and state ownership, less flexible labour, bureaucracy; e.g. in Germany, France, The Netherlands, Scandinavia
Asian/Japanese Model
bắt đầu học
strong state intervention in a (supposedly) free market, bureaucracy, weak trade unions, stable stock markets; e.g. in Japan
Coordinated Market Economy (CME)
bắt đầu học
stable stock market, stable and less flexible labour market, employee involvement and commitment, cooperation between competing firms, greater integration with supply chains, a long term apporach to investment-"patient capitalism"; in Germany, Japan
Liberal Market Economy (LME)
bắt đầu học
volatile stock market, labour mobility and flexibility, top down decision in decision making, contactual relations between employees and the firm, competitive capitalism, short term approach to investment - return on investment; USA, UK
Hofstede's levels of culture
bắt đầu học
circular model (from the smallest to the biggest): values and principles, rituals (socially important collective activities), heroes (persons with highly prized characteristics), symbols (words, gestures, pictures of objects carrying a particular meaning)
cultural clusters
bắt đầu học
western, latin, african, islamic, orthodox, indian, chinese, japanese, buddhist

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