! Formulae

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Profitability ratios.
4
bắt đầu học
GPM. | OPM. | ROCE. | ROE.
Efficiency ratios:
4
bắt đầu học
NAT | RD | ID | PD.
Liquidity and gearing ratios:
4
bắt đầu học
CR. and QR. | FG. and OG.
Financial Gearing. and Operational gearing.
Investor's ratios:
4
bắt đầu học
IC. | DC. | DY | PER
Interest cover. | Dividend cover. | Dividend yield. | Price/EPS ratio
NAT
bắt đầu học
Revenue ÷ (Equity+Debt)
=times p.a.
Nat-red
ID
bắt đầu học
Inventory ÷ COS
× 365 days
COS = Purchases + start inventory - close inventory.
PD
bắt đầu học
Average Payables ÷ Credit purchases
× 365 days
CR
bắt đầu học
Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
QR
bắt đầu học
(Current Assets less Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities
FG
2
bắt đầu học
Debt ÷ Equity
Debt ÷ (Debt + Equity)
OG
2
Operational gearing
bắt đầu học
Fixed costs ÷ variable costs. | Contribution ÷ PBIT.
Contribution = Revenue less variable costs.
IC
bắt đầu học
PBIT ÷ FC
DC
bắt đầu học
PAT ÷ Total dividends
DY
bắt đầu học
DPS ÷ CSP
PER
bắt đầu học
CSP ÷ EPS
ROCE
bắt đầu học
PBIT ÷ (Average Debt + Average Equity less Current liabilities)
Capital employed = Total assets - Current liabilities
OPM
also: NPM (for ratio analysis)
bắt đầu học
PBIT ÷ Revenue
If operating profit is not given, use the profit figure closest to it.
GPM
bắt đầu học
Gross profit ÷ Revenue
ROE
bắt đầu học
PAT ÷ Equity
roe-pate
Receivable days
bắt đầu học
average receivables ÷ Credit sales
× 365 days
Asset turnover
bắt đầu học
Revenue ÷ Average assets
Equity ratio
bắt đầu học
Average assets ÷ Equity
DuPont Identity (ROE)
bắt đầu học
NPM × asset turnover × equity ratio
ROE = NPM × AT × ER
EbITDA(G)
bắt đầu học
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization (inc. goodwill written off)
NPM
bắt đầu học
PAT ÷ R
⋅ 100
Groups of ratios - financial analysis.
bắt đầu học
Profitability | Liquidity | Efficiency | Gearing | Investor + Conclusion
PLEGI
Financial statements ratios groups:
3
bắt đầu học
Profitability | Liquidity | Capital structure (e.g. gearing)
PLC
The most useful ones are gearing and EPS.
In accordance with IAS 33, listed companies must disclose two types of EPS:
2
bắt đầu học
basic EPS | diluted EPS
Basic EPS
bắt đầu học
Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders ÷ Weighted average number of ordinary shares.
Diluted EPS concept:
bắt đầu học
At the year-end, an entity may have commitment to issue more ordinary shares.
Such commitments include convertible loans or share options.
Calculation of diluted EPS may include:
2
bắt đầu học
convertible loans | share options
The SBR exam is more likely to focus on the impact of errors on EPS rather than on the calculation of EPS.
Free CF definition
bắt đầu học
CFs from operating activities less capital expenditure.
Additional Performance Measures examples:
2 | APMs
bắt đầu học
Ebitda | Free CF
Equity section components (for gearing calculation):
4 (basic ones)
bắt đầu học
SC | RE | OCE | NCI
*share capital, retained earnings, other components of equity, non-controlling interest
Real discount rate
bắt đầu học
[(1 + money cost of capital) ÷ (1 + inflation rate)] - 1
Money cost of capital is 15.44% and inflation is 4%. | [(1 + 0.1544) ÷ (1 + 0.04)] - 1 = 0.11 (11%)
WIP/Finished goods/Raw materials Period:
bắt đầu học
Average value of WIP/FG/RM ÷ COS
× 365
ROI
Divisional performance measure:
bắt đầu học
Controllable operating profit ÷ Controllable capital employed [total assets less current liabilities].
COP ÷ CCE [TA-CL)
Decision: accept project if ROI > cost of capital.
Residual income (RI)
bắt đầu học
Controllable operating profit less Imputed interest
COP - II (TA × COC)
Imputed interest = controllable capital employed × cost of capital | Decision: accept the project, if the RI is positive.
EVA
*Economic Value Added
bắt đầu học
NOPAT less (ACE × WACC))
NOPAD - (Adjusted capital employed× WACC)
A similar but superior measure to RI. | Decision: accept the project if the EVA is positive.
WACC
bắt đầu học
(% of equity × cost of equity) + (% of debt × post-tax cost of debt)
(%E × kE) + (%D × p.t. kD)
Capital employed
bắt đầu học
Average Debt + Average Equity less Current liabilities
Average Debt + Average Equity - Current liabilities
working capital
bắt đầu học
current assets + current liabilities
Project decision based on ROI.
bắt đầu học
If ROI is higher than COC.
*cost of capital
Hedge ratio
bắt đầu học
hedge value ÷ total position value
PoL on disposal
sale and leaseback
bắt đầu học
AP × ((FV less PV ALPs) ÷ FV)
Apparent profit × ((FV less PV of the annual lease payments)) ÷ Sales price)
1.5 × ((5 - 1.8) ÷ 5) = 0.96 | When the sales proceeds are less than the asset’s FV are treated as a PREPAYMENTS. When the sales proceeds exceed the asset’s FV are treated as ADDITIONAL FINANCING - subtract/add the difference also from PV ALPS.

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