EViU | Chapters: 56-85

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designed to give maximum comfort and efficiency
bắt đầu học
ergonomically designed
explain technical vs technological
bắt đầu học
1. technical = relating to knowledge, machines and materials used in science and industry, 2. technological = relating to or involving technology
what is nanotechnology?
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science of developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of atoms and molecules
what is keyhole surgery?
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a medical operation in which a really small hole is made in a person's body to reach the organ or tissue inside
explain 'gene therapy'
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it's changing genes in order to prevent disease or disability
what's the human genome?
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the "map" or index of all the genes in a human being
to envisage means to...
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see a possible and probable situation in the future
a baby whose genetic characteristics are artificially created is called a...
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designer baby
what's a nuclear family?
bắt đầu học
a family with father, mother, and one or two children
a gulf is another way of saying...
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a gap/difference
what are drastic measures?
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severe actions that have noticeable effects
what are fossil fuels? [paliwa kopalne]
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sources of energy which were formed underground from plants and animal remains millions of years ago
a hole made in the ground for the removal of oil
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an oil well
dno oceanu
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the ocean floor OR the ocean bed
away from or at a distance from the coast
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offshore
what does 'coal-fired' mean?
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using coal as a fuel
what's a pipeline (e.g. a gas pipeline)
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a very large tube through which liquid or gas can flow for long distances
onshore
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= on the land
what are solar panels?
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devices that change energy from the sun into electricity
what does hydroelectric mean
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producing electricity by the force of fast-moving water such as rivers or waterfalls
what's tidal power?
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using the force of the sea tide to produce energy
odnawialne źródła energii
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renewable energy sources OR renewables
what does 'geothermal' mean?
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using the heat inside the earth
using a great amount of energy
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power-hungry (e.g. appliances)
about a car, using a lot of fuel
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gas-guzzler [informal]
what are food miles?
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a distance food is transported from where it's produced to when it reaches the consumer
wyłączać coś, usuwać coś
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to cut something out (e.g. I've cut carbs out of my diet)
złoże / pokład (np. minerałów)
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a deposit (= a layer formed under the ground, esp. over a very long period (e.g. oil or gas deposits))
porozrzucany (o zabudowaniach)
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rambling / disjointed
not close to each other (e.g. about buildings)
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spread out (e.g. buildings are spread out at SGH)
przestronny
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roomy = spacious
ciasny, zatłoczony (np. budynek, pomieszczenie)
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poky [inf, BrE], cramped
what does 'bustling' mean?
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a bustling place is full of noise and activity and is usually pleasant and interesting
not enough room to swing a cat (OR no room to swing a cat) - what does it mean?
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very small [informal] / ciasnota
too many people in a small place - provide an idiom (fish related)
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packed in like sardines / packed in like sardines
wcisnąć się między kogoś
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squeeze in between sb
what'd you call too many people in a small place?
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a squash (= ścisk)
wcisnąć coś (suggests doing sth quickly and without much care)
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stuff something in
what does 'once in a blue moon' mean?
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very infrequently
to spend all your born days (somewhere or doing sth)
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to spent all your life somewhere or doing sth
in a mo / in a sec / in a tick / in less than no time / in a jiff - what does it mean?
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very soon | in a jiff = w trymiga
what does it mean: for donkey's years / since the year dot?
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for a long time
what does until/till the cows come home mean?
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for a very long time
dać coś komuś na zawsze
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to give sb sth for keeps / for good
what does in the nick of time mean?
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just in time (w samą porę, w ostatniej chwili)
to be too old (provide idioms)
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to be over the hill / to be past it
what does 'at/on short notice' mean?
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without being given much warning before something happens (e.g. I was asked to do it at very short notice)
who's a has-been?
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a person who's no longer famous
what does 'to do sth in a flash / at a rate of knots' mean?
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to do sth very quickly
what does 'fleeting' mean?
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brief or quick (e.g. a glimpse, visit, smile, moment)
continuing for a long time
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lengthy
lasting for only a short time [formal]
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transient (e.g. a moment)
what does 'inexorable' mean?
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continuing without hope of being stopped [formal]
what does 'incipient' mean? [adjective/formal]
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just beginning to appear or develop (e.g. the incipient signs of economic recovery)
what does protracted mean?
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lasting for a long time or made to last longer [formal] (e.g. negotiations, discussions)
what does 'lingering' mean?
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taking a long time to leave or disappear (e.g. perfume, smile)
to make last longer
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to prolong (e.g. we shouldn't prolong the meeting)
to walk with difficulty because of an injured leg or foot
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to limp
to walk in an uncontrolled way, as if you are going to fall over
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to stagger
to move suddenly in a way that is not smooth or controlled
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to lurch
with only your toes on the ground
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to tiptoe / on tiptoe(s)
to walk in a slow relaxed way
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to amble
a way of walking with long steps [noun]
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a stride
to walk in an especially confident and proud way
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to strut OR to strut around/about
to put your feet down on someone or something in a heavy way that causes injury or damage
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to trample | stratować, deptać (e.g. trample flowers but also feelings)
what does it mean to trample sth/sb underfoot?
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1. to hurt or crush something or someone by walking on them, 2. to fail to consider or care about something, with the result that it is destroyed (e.g. employees' rights were trampled underfoot when the company was taken over)
to walk somewhere with slow heavy steps
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to trudge
what does it mean to limp to a conclusion?
bắt đầu học
doczłapać się do końca (metaforycznie)
what does it mean to limp through?
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zmagać się, męczyć się
provide meaning - take sth in your stride
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to take sth calmly
to quickly get off (e.g. a bus)
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to hop off
what does it mean to 'spill out'?
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wysypać się (o ludziach), e.g. children spilled out into the playground
what does 'to trickle' mean?
bắt đầu học
if people or things trickle in or out, a few of them arrive or leave
in the context of movement, what does 'to file' mean?
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when lots of people move in a straight line, one after another
what does 'to your heart's content' mean? [idiom]
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as much or as often as you like (= do woli, ile dusza zapragnie)
to walk in a slow and relaxed way
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to saunter
what does 'mill around' mean?
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to move about in large numbers in a confused way with no particular purpose (e.g. a crowd of people milled around the building)
what is courtesy?
bắt đầu học
politeness and respect (syn. discourteous)
what does 'insolent' mean
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rude and not showing respect (stronger than discourteous)
a set of rules or customs for accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations
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an etiquette
what does 'to stand on ceremony' mean?
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to behave in a formal way
morally very strict and old-fashioned
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straitlaced
what does it mean to be 'the done thing'?
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to be the correct or suitable thing to do, or to be the way that people think you should behave
to move from side to side in an awkward way (indicates embarrassment and nervousness)
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to squirm
what's 'an embarrassment of riches'?
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so many good things that it is difficult to choose between them
what's a flinch?
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a sudden small movement (indicates pain or fear) | wzdrygać się
what does a beam mean?
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a wide happy smile (also works as a verb)
what does it mean to sniff at sth?
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1) kręcić na coś nosem, wybrzydzać, 2. obwąchiwać coś (dosłownie)
what does a titter mean?
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a small laugh which indicates nervousness or embarrassment (also works as a verb to titter)
what does 'to snort' mean?
bắt đầu học
to make an explosive sound by forcing air quickly up and down your nose (indicates disgust or great amusement)
to close with a loud bang
bắt đầu học
to slam (e.g. a door)
what's a squeak?
bắt đầu học
a high, irritating noise
what's pounding?
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a dull, beating sound (= łomotanie)
lanie, manto, baty
bắt đầu học
pounding [BrE][Informal]
what's a creak? (also works as a verb)
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a noise of friction of wood and/or metal (= skrzyp, trzeszczenie = długie, wysokie dźwięki)
what's a sizzle? (also a verb)
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it's a sound made by frying (= skwierczenie)
what does it mean 'all sizzle and no steak'? [idiom]
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something/someone that/who disappoints expectations
what does 'all work and no play' mean?
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a phrase used about a situation in which someone spends a lot of time working and has no time for other activities
to produce a loud clear sound
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to ring out [phrasal verb]
what does 'eerie' mean?
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strange and mysterious, and sometimes frightening
extremely & painfully loud
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deafening
a phrase used for saying that there is too much noise
bắt đầu học
I can’t hear myself think
what does 'quiet as a mouse' mean?
bắt đầu học
very quiet
what's 'peace & quiet?'
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a calm and quiet period, after a noisy time (e.g. I need some peace and quiet after this week)
what does 'unwieldy' mean?
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1) too big or complicated to work well (e.g. a system, process), 2) large or heavy and difficult to handle or carry
what does 'ponderous' mean?
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1) moving slowly because of being big and heavy, 2) ponderous writing or speech is serious and boring
what does 'lumbering' mean?
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walking slowly because of being large and heavy
carrying very heavy things
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weighed down (also metaphorical,.e.g. weighed down with problems)
what does it mean to weigh on sb?
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to trouble one's mind (e.g. The responsibility of her new job had begun to weigh on her.)
if a substance such as blood or fat (?), it becomes thick and almost solid
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to congeal
to become solid
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to solidify (about wax, honey, lava, cement but also bonds or relationships)
what does it mean to 'thin out'?
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1. gradually lose hair, 2. to become smaller in number, amount, or size, 3) to make a thick liquid become less thick by adding water or another liquid to it
what does to dilute mean?
bắt đầu học
1) to make a liquid less strong by adding water or another liquid (dilute sth in sth or sth with sth), 2. to make sth less strong or effective (metaphorically)
what does it mean to be impervious to sth?
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1) not affected by something or not seeming to notice it, 2) something that is impervious to a substance does not let the substance pass through it
a dark blue-green colour
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jade OR jade green
bright green
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emerald
what does it mean 'to see red'?
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to be very angry
what does a red alert/red flag indicate?
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a danger
what does it mean to raise a red flag?
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to serve as a warning (e.g. This assertion should raise a red flag immediately.)
what's an assertion?
bắt đầu học
a definite statement or claim that something is true
what does a grey area mean?
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a situation in which the rules are not clear, or in which you are not sure what is right or wrong
explain do / make sth in time VS do / make sth on time
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1. Doing something "in time" means doing it before a deadline, or doing it before it becomes unavailable, 2. Doing something "on time" means meeting an appointment, or meeting a time that has been set by someone.
provide verbs suggesting going somewhere very quickly on foot or in a vehicle
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to dash, to fly, to race, to tear
what does it mean to nip/pop into (e.g. a shop)?
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to go a short distance quickly, on foot or in a vehicle
to move quickly, suddenly
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to dart
to go quickly (about vehicles)
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to zip / to whizz
to move fast over a short distance (+ the added association of running away from something)
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to bolt
what does it mean to make a bolt for something?
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to quickly run towards something in order to try and escape
to move rapidly while being out of control
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to career (e.g. to career into financial ruin)
what does to scamper/scurry/scuttle mean?
bắt đầu học
suggests small, rapid steps, often used to describe the way a small animal runs (e.g. cockroaches scuttled into a crack in the floor)
provide antonyms for: to soar/to rocket
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to slump / to tumble
what does it mean 'to crawl' or 'to creep'
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to move slowly (e.g. the traffic is crawling OR the prices have been creeping up since May)
to move fairly slowly, in a particularly unsteady manner
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to totter
what does 'laden' mean? [adjective]
bắt đầu học
carrying something heavy, or supporting the weight of something heavy (e.g. laden with suitcases)
what does 'to sidle' mean?
bắt đầu học
to move slowly in a particular direction, usually because you are nervous or do not want to be noticed (e.g. The children sidled past her into the kitchen.)
what does 'to dawdle' mean?
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to go somewhere, or to do something, so slowly that people become annoyed with you
what does it mean to 'precipitate'?
bắt đầu học
to make something happen or begin to exist suddenly and quickly, especially something bad (syn. cause)
what's the meaning of 'to spark / to spark off'?
bắt đầu học
to make someone feel, think of, or remember something (e.g. Their growing reputation had sparked interest from other film-makers.)
to make something happen, especially to cause changes in a situation
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to bring about (e.g. Major spending is required to bring about substantial improvements in housing.)
mieć konsekwencje dla kogoś, mieć wpływ na kogoś
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have implications for somebody
what does affinity between things / feeling affinity with sb mean
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closeness, similarity, feeling that different things/people have much in common
to be akin to sb/sth?
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similar in spirit / feel
a reasonable chance that something will happen
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sporting chance
explain: to use a sporting analogy
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show similarities that help understand sth
explain: to correspond (to/with)
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1. to be the same as something else, or very much like it (The statistics do not correspond with our own experience.), 2. to be connected or related to something (The timing of the gift closely corresponded with Robert’s return from Italy.)
explain: to equate sth w/ sth
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to consider as the same
explain: be tantamount to sth
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the equivalent of sth (normally used in negative contexts)
explain: indistinguishable from
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so similar you cannot see the difference
explain: to diversify into (in business context)
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If a business diversifies, it starts making new products or offering new services
explain: disparate [formal]
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used for different types within a group; emphasises separation $ difference
explain: divergent
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often used to show contrasting opinions or ideas within a group
explain: distinct
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used to describe differences where one might be deceived by similarities
explain: distinctive
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used to describe sth that's easy to recognise because it's different
to become or make more varied
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diversify
to move away, become more different from something
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diverge (from sth)
explain: comparable to sth
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about the same
what's 'state control'?
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kontrola państwa
provide words for small difficulties
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a snag / a hitch / a glitch
what's a setback?
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when progress has been stopped by sth
what's a stumbling block?
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sth that prevents action or agreement
what's a pitfall?
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an unexpected difficulty (often used in plural)
what's an obstacle?
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anything htat stops progress, either literally or metaphorically
what's an impediment?
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sth that prevents free action, progress or movement
what's a dilemma?
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a situation where a difficult choice has to be made between two, sometimes unpleasant, alternatives
what's an ordeal?
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a severe experience which is very difficult, painful or tiring
mieć trudności w robieniu czegoś
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have difficulty in doing something
co go gryzie/ co z nim?
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what's eating him? / what's got into him? / what's bugging him? / what's up with him? / what's the matter with him?
what's a hassle?
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a situation that causes problems for you or that annoys you very much
to work very hard in other words
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flog oneself to death / to slog (your guts out) / to grind / to graft [BrE]
provide ways to say: in a difficult situation
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in a fix / in a spot / in a hole / up against it
explain: up against something
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in a very difficult situation, or with a serious problem to deal with
provide ways to say: freed from a difficult situation
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to feel off the hook / be off the hook / be in the clear / be out of woods
explain: convoluted
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unreasonably long and hard to follow (= zawiły)
explain: arduous (adj.)
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extremely difficult and involving a lot of effort (e.g. a task, journey)
explain: abstruse (adj.)
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hard to understand, and are more complicated than necessary (e.g. ideas / arguments)
explain: obstructive (adj.)
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causing deliberate difficulties (e.g. a person or behaviour)
explain: tough
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difficult to deal with or do (e.g. time, job, climate, decision)
chyba żartujesz!
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you must be joking!
If you say that something _____ happen, you mean that it is likely to happen:
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may well (e.g. she may well not want to travel alone.)
what does it mean 'I should be so lucky!'
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said when what you want is extremely unlikely to happen (e.g. "You might win first prize." "I should be so lucky.")
mieć ambicje/aspiracje by coś zrobić
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to have ambitions/aspirations to do sth
to have to do a particular thing because there is no possibility of doing anything else
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to have no option but to do sth
the chances are that...
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it's probable that...
explain: overjoyed
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extremely pleased
explain: longing
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a strong feeling of wanting someone or something
explain: the odds are against sth
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it's not likely that...
explain: in all probability
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used for saying that you think something is likely (e.g. in all probability, nothing much will change)
to increase by four times
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to quadruple
what does the suffix 'fold' mean in twofold?
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fold -> multiplied by that number (twofold = multiplied by two)
explain: by a factor of sth
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if something increases by a factor of 5, 10, 20 etc, it becomes 5, 10, 20 etc times larger
explain: a drastic change in numbers
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severe, sudden change
explain: to revise upwards / downwards
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to change to a higher/lower number
explain: to deviate from the norm
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to move away from the standard or accepted pattern
to keep going up and down
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to fluctuate (around)
to go up and down at regular intervals
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to seesaw
not regular and often changing suddenly
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erratic (e.g. share prices have been erratic this month)
explain: projected figures
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= planned figures
explain: to err on the side of caution
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to be cautious
what's a conservative estimate?
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simply a cautious estimate
provide another word for a total
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an aggregate (e.g. the aggregate was 60k)
what's a blip?
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a minor problem or delay that does not last very long
difference between two things that should be the same
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a discrepancy (between)
explain: flawed numbers
bắt đầu học
inaccurate numbers
not in agreement with sth (about e.g. data)
bắt đầu học
inconsistent with (e.g. our data is inconsistent with yours)
what's a ballpark figure/estimate?
bắt đầu học
a number that is a guess, but one that you believe is near the correct number:
explain: to tot everything up
bắt đầu học
to add everything up
explain: to run into six figures
bắt đầu học
get a figure over 100,000
what are variables?
bắt đầu học
different factors that may change
explain: to round things down
bắt đầu học
zaokrąglać w dół (e.g. 2.5 -> 2 instead of 3)
provide an adjective from 'discrepancy'
bắt đầu học
discrepant
explain: to get/give the go-ahead or green light to...
bắt đầu học
to give official approval for something to be done
explain: to accede to sth
bắt đầu học
to accept but often associated with initial unwilingness
to agree to something or to accept something, although you do not want to
bắt đầu học
to acquiesce (in/to sth)
explain: to assent to sth
bắt đầu học
to agree to or give official approval to something
to give official permission
bắt đầu học
authorise
explain: condone
bắt đầu học
to approve or allow sth which most people consider to be wrong
explain: to countenance [formal]
bắt đầu học
to approve of or give support to something
explain: to give carte blanche to do sth
bắt đầu học
to give complete freedom to do something (e.g. The landlord has given her carte blanche to redecorate the living room)
explain: to bar
bắt đầu học
to prevent something or someone from doing something or going somewhere, or to refuse to allow something
explain: clamp down (on sth)
bắt đầu học
to make a determined attempt to stop people doing something bad or illegal (The government plans to clamp down on illegal militant groups.)
to make sth illegal
bắt đầu học
to outlaw sth
Enough is enough!
bắt đầu học
used for saying that something must stop
to be opposed to something, or to express your opposition to it in words
bắt đầu học
to object (to sth / to doing sth)
explain: to protest about
bắt đầu học
to strongly express complaint, disapproval or disagreement
explain: to remonstrate
bắt đầu học
1. w/ sb -> to complain to sb, 2. about sth -> to complain about sth
explain: to find fault with sb (noun: fault-finding)
bắt đầu học
to criticize someone or something, often after deliberately looking for mistakes
explain: grumble about sth / at sb
bắt đầu học
to complain, especially continuously and about unimportant things (e.g. She grumbles at her employees over the slightest thing.)
explain: to gripe about sth (also: to grouse about, to whinge about)
bắt đầu học
to complain about something that is annoying but not very important
what's a pretext?
bắt đầu học
a pretended reason for doing sth rather than real reason
a strong sad and guilty feeling about something that you have done wrong
bắt đầu học
a remorse (verb: to show/feel remorse for sth)
declared not guilty
bắt đầu học
acquitted (verb: acquit sb of sth)
explain: posthumous pardon
bắt đầu học
an official forgiveness after someone's death for crimes they were unjustly convicted for
explain: to repent
bắt đầu học
to recognize that you have done something wrong and to feel ashamed and sorry about it, especially when you have done something against the rules of your religion
explain: to exonerate
bắt đầu học
to declare someone to be free of guilt
to officially decide not to kill someone who was going to be killed as a punishment
bắt đầu học
to reprieve
żelazne alibi
bắt đầu học
cast-iron alibi
explain: flimsy (adj)
bắt đầu học
1. not very reliable, or not easy to believe (e.g. a flimsy excuse), 2. badly built or made, and so likely to break easily (e.g. flimsy huts)
a formal agreement between enemies to stop fighting a war
bắt đầu học
an armistice
an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially in order to discuss permanent peace
bắt đầu học
a ceasefire
prawić komuś komplementy
bắt đầu học
to pay sb compliments (on sth)
explain: to fish for compliments
bắt đầu học
to try to get people to say good things about you
compliments both positive and negative at the same time (1. malicious, 2. made innocently)
bắt đầu học
1. a back-handed compliment 2. a double-edged compliment
explain: to pay tribute to sb/sth
bắt đầu học
to praise someone or something
explain: to extol the virtues/benefits of sb
bắt đầu học
to praise highly [formal]
be the toast of sth
bắt đầu học
to be admired for some recent achievement (often used about artists/celebrities) | e.g. be the toast of Broadway -> być bożyszczem Broadwayu
explain: to earn/win plaudits
bắt đầu học
to get positive comments [formal]
provide verbs to describe praising sb for your own benefit
bắt đầu học
1. to flatter, 2. to make up to 3. to suck up to 4. to lick someone's boots
provide adjectives/nouns to describe sb who praises someone for their own benefit
bắt đầu học
adj: smarmy, slimy, noun: a crawler, a flatterer (neutral)
to promise sb a great deal, usually implies that a promise is unrealistic
bắt đầu học
to promise someone the earth/moon
having legally promised to tell the truth
bắt đầu học
under oath
explain: to swear to sth
bắt đầu học
to be totally sure (e.g. I couldn't swear to it)
to change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit
bắt đầu học
to turn over a new leaf
to break a promise
bắt đầu học
to go back on your word
provide a formal noun for 'a bet'
bắt đầu học
a wager (also a verb: to wager)
what's the​/​someone’s best bet
bắt đầu học
the thing or action that gives the best chance of a successful result
don't bet on it!
bắt đầu học
= don't do it because it's unlikely to happen
explain: to have a flair for sth
bắt đầu học
to be very skilful at something
explain: to put good money on = to bet your life on
bắt đầu học
to be sure of sth
to refuse very firmly to do or accept something
bắt đầu học
put your foot down (= postawić na swoim)
explain: to hedge your bets
bắt đầu học
to protect yourself from the results of making a single wrong choice
to be careful to avoid being tricked or getting into a dangerous situation
bắt đầu học
to be on (your) guard
explain: to be out of touch (w/ sb or sth)
bắt đầu học
1. w/ sb - to not see, speak to, or write to someone any longer, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge or information about something
to think about something that happened in the past
bắt đầu học
to think back (to sth)
to receive any news about sb/sth
bắt đầu học
to hear anything of sb/sth
explain: to lose touch with sb/sth
bắt đầu học
1. w/ sb - to no longer communicate with someone, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge of something or someone, so that you do not understand that thing or person well (e.g. He never lost touch with Mexican culture.)
explain: to have a vague memory of sth
bắt đầu học
not a very clear memory
to talk, think, or write about enjoyable experiences in your past
bắt đầu học
to reminisce about sth
explain: a pang
bắt đầu học
a sudden sharp feeling, especially of painful emotion (e.g. a pang of jealousy, guilt, regret)
to feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened
bắt đầu học
to rue
explain: to have a heart of gold
bắt đầu học
to have a kind and generous character
to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death
bắt đầu học
to mourn
explain: to tally with sth
bắt đầu học
to match or agree with something else (e.g. The numbers on your spreadsheet don't tally with ours.)
explain: to concur with [formal]
bắt đầu học
to agree or have the same opinion (e.g. The new report concurs with previous findings.)
explain: to find yourself in full accord with
bắt đầu học
to be in complete agreement with
explain: to coincide (with)
bắt đầu học
1. to be the same or similar (e.g. If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together.), 2. to happen at or near the same time (e.g. I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's.)
explain: to conform to/with sth
bắt đầu học
to obey a rule or reach the necessary stated standard, or to do things in a traditional way
explain: to agree to differ
bắt đầu học
If two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop trying to persuade each other that they are right.
explain: a dissent
bắt đầu học
strong disagreement, especially with what people in authority think or with what the majority of people think
explain: a discord
bắt đầu học
lack of agreement or harmony
to solve a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want
bắt đầu học
reach/arrive at/come to a compromise:
explain: a concession
bắt đầu học
sth you give or allow to sb in order to reach an agreement (verb: to make a concession)
explain: discretion
bắt đầu học
choice, or the right to make a choice, based on judgment
explain: to exercise one's discretion
bắt đầu học
to decide based on what you think is most suitable in a particular situation (= to decide on your own authority / at your pleasure)
explain: to advocate
bắt đầu học
to argue in favour of sth (e.g. She advocates less government interference in the economy)
explain: to deduce sth (from sth)
bắt đầu học
to know something as a result of considering the information or evidence that you have
explain: to infer (from sth)
bắt đầu học
to reach a conclusion indirectly (= to form an opinion about something that is based on information that you already have)
add at the end
bắt đầu học
to append
to partially cover the same material
bắt đầu học
to overlap with someone else's work
explain: empirical work
bắt đầu học
based on what's observed rather than theory
explain: ambiguous work
bắt đầu học
open to different interpretations
explain: coherent work
bắt đầu học
logically structured
explain: comprehensive work
bắt đầu học
covering all that is relevant
explain: authoritative work
bắt đầu học
thorough and expert (= complete, careful, detailed, e.g. this is a very thorough analysis.)
explain: arbitrary numbers
bắt đầu học
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
explain: distort (about statistics)
bắt đầu học
if statistics distort the picture, they give a false impression
explain: incidence (of sth)
bắt đầu học
the rate at which something happens (e.g. The incidence of financial fraud among companies having an audit decreased threefold in the last ten years.)
more noticeable or important, or larger in number, than others (adj)
bắt đầu học
predominant (e.g. research forms the predominant part of my job.)
explain: in sequence / out of sequence
bắt đầu học
w kolejności / bez zachowania kolejności (e.g. The program goes through the data in sequence.) | sequence = a series of related things or events, or the order in which they happen
explain: to denote
bắt đầu học
to represent or mean something (e.g. his angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.)
to say something again, once or several times
bắt đầu học
to reiterate = to repeat = to restate
to be a perfect example of sth
bắt đầu học
to epitomise sth (syn. to typify, e.g. With his blond, blue-eyed athletic looks, he typifies the all-American boy next door.)
explain: all-American
bắt đầu học
considered to be typical of the US, and respected and approved of by Americans
explain: clean-cut (adj)
bắt đầu học
A clean-cut man is tidy in appearance and behaves well (e.g. Julie's fiancé is a nice clean-cut young man.)
explain: to assert yourself
bắt đầu học
to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others (e.g. I really must assert myself more in meetings.)
to say that something is certainly true
bắt đầu học
to assert
explain: to posit [formal]
bắt đầu học
to suggest something as a basic fact or principle from which a further idea is formed or developed
explain: account for sth
bắt đầu học
1. to explain the reason for something (e.g. that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.), 2. to form the total of; to be (e.g. Students account for the vast majority of our customers.)
explain: to touch upon
bắt đầu học
to include sth only briefly
to include something, often as one of a number of things
bắt đầu học
to embrace (e.g. linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.)
explain: to scribble
bắt đầu học
to write quickly, without much care
explain: to doodle
bắt đầu học
to draw and write irrelevant things on the paper
explain: to copy sth out
bắt đầu học
If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper
provide a formal way of saying 'jot down'
bắt đầu học
to make a note of something
make a first attempt at writing sth
bắt đầu học
to draft
to record information on paper
bắt đầu học
to write down
explain: to write up
bắt đầu học
to make a proper final written text based on previous drafts
to use a keyboard without looking at the keys
bắt đầu học
to touch-type
a typed copy of a piece of writing such as a book
bắt đầu học
a typescript (= maszynopis)
explain: to run off a copy
bắt đầu học
to quickly print a copy of something (e.g. Would you mind running off some more copies of the agenda?)
what are these brackets called? <>
bắt đầu học
diamond/angle brackets
name these brackets: ()
bắt đầu học
round brackets
name these brackets: []
bắt đầu học
square brackets
name these brackets: {}
bắt đầu học
curly brackets
indeks górny
bắt đầu học
superscript
explain: have a thing about sth/sb
bắt đầu học
to like or dislike something or someone very much
explain: to get it together [informal]
bắt đầu học
to make a decision or take positive action in your life (e.g. Blake has really got it together since I last saw him - he has started a new job and lost a lot of weight.)
explain: to get sb to yourself
bắt đầu học
to be alone w/ sb
an expression used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to
bắt đầu học
present company excepted (e.g. People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted.)
for one thing... for another thing...
bắt đầu học
firstly..., secondly...
a bowl with small holes in it, used for washing food or for emptying food into when it has been cooked in water
bắt đầu học
a colander (= durszlak)
a piece of kitchen equipment in the shape of a tube that you use to make pastry flat and thin before you cook it
bắt đầu học
rolling pin (= wałek do ciasta)
an object that is shaped like half a circle and is used for measuring and drawing angles
bắt đầu học
a protractor (= kątomierz)
myself included
bắt đầu học
wliczając mnie
somewhere in the region of (e.g. 600 eur)
bắt đầu học
around/about (e.g. 600 eur)
a week or so -> more than a week but unclear how much more
bắt đầu học
e.g. it's going to take a week or so
explain: a smattering (only signular)
bắt đầu học
a small amount of something
explain: a dash / a smidgen of sth
bắt đầu học
very small quantity
explain: a dollop
bắt đầu học
usually a small amount (but you can also say a large dollop)
explain: sth along those lines
bắt đầu học
in a similar way (e.g. The first day there is usually a welcome dinner or something along those lines.)
explain: suchlike
bắt đầu học
used for referring to things of the same kind as those that you have already mentioned (e.g. we sell books, magazines and suchlike)
to say something in a way that is not loud or clear enough so that your words are difficult to understand
bắt đầu học
to mumble / to mutter
to frequently ask someone to do something that they do not want to do
bắt đầu học
to nag someone to do sth
to frequently criticize someone, often for qualities or habits that are difficult to change
bắt đầu học
to nag someone about sth
explain: to bicker (w/ someone) about sth
bắt đầu học
to argue in an irritated way, usually about sth petty (syn. squabble)
to criticise someone in an insulting way [informal]
bắt đầu học
to slag someone off
explain: to chat away
bắt đầu học
same as to chat but suggests light, non-serious talk
explain: to wind sb up
bắt đầu học
to trick someone by telling them something that is not true (e.g. At first I thought they were winding me up.)
to say nice things because you want something from someone (negative connotations)
bắt đầu học
to butter sb up
to have difficulty in saying an 's' sound and making a 'th' sound instead
bắt đầu học
to lisp (= seplenić)
to speak or say something with unusual pauses or repeated sounds, either because of speech problems or because of fear or nervousness
bắt đầu học
to stammer = to stutter (= jąkać się, zacinać się)
a way of speaking in which the words are not pronounced clearly or separately, for example when the speaker is very tired or drunk
bắt đầu học
a slur (also to slur) | often bc of too much alcohol
explain: tongue-tied [informal][adjective]
bắt đầu học
unable to speak because you are nervous or embarrassed
explain: a bedsit
bắt đầu học
a flat w/ only one room which is a bedroom and a sitting room
explain: a sitcom
bắt đầu học
short for situational comedy; a kind of humorous TV programme
explain: a biopic
bắt đầu học
short for biographical picture; a film about the life of a real person
explain: to be out of touch (w/ sb or sth)
bắt đầu học
1. w/ sb - to not see, speak to, or write to someone any longer, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge or information about something
to think about something that happened in the past
bắt đầu học
to think back (to sth)
to receive any news about sb/sth
bắt đầu học
to hear anything of sb/sth
explain: to lose touch with sb/sth
bắt đầu học
1. w/ sb - to no longer communicate with someone, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge of something or someone, so that you do not understand that thing or person well (e.g. He never lost touch with Mexican culture.)
explain: to have a vague memory of sth
bắt đầu học
not a very clear memory
to talk, think, or write about enjoyable experiences in your past
bắt đầu học
to reminisce about sth
explain: a pang
bắt đầu học
a sudden sharp feeling, especially of painful emotion (e.g. a pang of jealousy, guilt, regret)
to feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened
bắt đầu học
to rue
explain: to have a heart of gold
bắt đầu học
to have a kind and generous character
to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death
bắt đầu học
to mourn
explain: to tally with sth
bắt đầu học
to match or agree with something else (e.g. The numbers on your spreadsheet don't tally with ours.)
explain: to concur with [formal]
bắt đầu học
to agree or have the same opinion (e.g. The new report concurs with previous findings.)
explain: to find yourself in full accord with
bắt đầu học
to be in complete agreement with
explain: to coincide (with)
bắt đầu học
1. to be the same or similar (e.g. If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together.), 2. to happen at or near the same time (e.g. I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's.)
explain: to conform to/with sth
bắt đầu học
to obey a rule or reach the necessary stated standard, or to do things in a traditional way
explain: to agree to differ
bắt đầu học
If two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop trying to persuade each other that they are right.
explain: a dissent
bắt đầu học
strong disagreement, especially with what people in authority think or with what the majority of people think
explain: a discord
bắt đầu học
lack of agreement or harmony
to solve a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want
bắt đầu học
reach/arrive at/come to a compromise:
explain: a concession
bắt đầu học
sth you give or allow to sb in order to reach an agreement (verb: to make a concession)
explain: discretion
bắt đầu học
choice, or the right to make a choice, based on judgment
explain: to exercise one's discretion
bắt đầu học
to decide based on what you think is most suitable in a particular situation (= to decide on your own authority / at your pleasure)
explain: to advocate
bắt đầu học
to argue in favour of sth (e.g. She advocates less government interference in the economy)
explain: to deduce sth (from sth)
bắt đầu học
to know something as a result of considering the information or evidence that you have
explain: to infer (from sth)
bắt đầu học
to reach a conclusion indirectly (= to form an opinion about something that is based on information that you already have)
add at the end
bắt đầu học
to append
to partially cover the same material
bắt đầu học
to overlap with someone else's work
explain: empirical work
bắt đầu học
based on what's observed rather than theory
explain: ambiguous work
bắt đầu học
open to different interpretations
explain: coherent work
bắt đầu học
logically structured
explain: comprehensive work
bắt đầu học
covering all that is relevant
explain: authoritative work
bắt đầu học
thorough and expert (= complete, careful, detailed, e.g. this is a very thorough analysis.)
explain: arbitrary numbers
bắt đầu học
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
explain: distort (about statistics)
bắt đầu học
if statistics distort the picture, they give a false impression
explain: incidence (of sth)
bắt đầu học
the rate at which something happens (e.g. The incidence of financial fraud among companies having an audit decreased threefold in the last ten years.)
more noticeable or important, or larger in number, than others (adj)
bắt đầu học
predominant (e.g. research forms the predominant part of my job.)
explain: in sequence / out of sequence
bắt đầu học
w kolejności / bez zachowania kolejności (e.g. The program goes through the data in sequence.) | sequence = a series of related things or events, or the order in which they happen
explain: to denote
bắt đầu học
to represent or mean something (e.g. his angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.)
to say something again, once or several times
bắt đầu học
to reiterate = to repeat = to restate
to be a perfect example of sth
bắt đầu học
to epitomise sth (syn. to typify, e.g. With his blond, blue-eyed athletic looks, he typifies the all-American boy next door.)
explain: all-American
bắt đầu học
considered to be typical of the US, and respected and approved of by Americans
explain: clean-cut (adj)
bắt đầu học
A clean-cut man is tidy in appearance and behaves well (e.g. Julie's fiancé is a nice clean-cut young man.)
explain: to assert yourself
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to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others (e.g. I really must assert myself more in meetings.)
to say that something is certainly true
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to assert
explain: to posit [formal]
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to suggest something as a basic fact or principle from which a further idea is formed or developed
explain: account for sth
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1. to explain the reason for something (e.g. that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.), 2. to form the total of; to be (e.g. Students account for the vast majority of our customers.)
explain: to touch upon
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to include sth only briefly
to include something, often as one of a number of things
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to embrace (e.g. linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.)
explain: to scribble
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to write quickly, without much care
explain: to doodle
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to draw and write irrelevant things on the paper
explain: to copy sth out
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If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper
provide a formal way of saying 'jot down'
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to make a note of something
make a first attempt at writing sth
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to draft
to record information on paper
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to write down
explain: to write up
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to make a proper final written text based on previous drafts
to use a keyboard without looking at the keys
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to touch-type
a typed copy of a piece of writing such as a book
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a typescript (= maszynopis)
explain: to run off a copy
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to quickly print a copy of something (e.g. Would you mind running off some more copies of the agenda?)
what are these brackets called? <>
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diamond/angle brackets
name these brackets: ()
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round brackets
name these brackets: []
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square brackets
name these brackets: {}
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curly brackets
indeks górny
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superscript
explain: have a thing about sth/sb
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to like or dislike something or someone very much
explain: to get it together [informal]
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to make a decision or take positive action in your life (e.g. Blake has really got it together since I last saw him - he has started a new job and lost a lot of weight.)
explain: to get sb to yourself
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to be alone w/ sb
an expression used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to
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present company excepted (e.g. People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted.)
for one thing... for another thing...
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firstly..., secondly...
a bowl with small holes in it, used for washing food or for emptying food into when it has been cooked in water
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a colander (= durszlak)
a piece of kitchen equipment in the shape of a tube that you use to make pastry flat and thin before you cook it
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rolling pin (= wałek do ciasta)
an object that is shaped like half a circle and is used for measuring and drawing angles
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a protractor (= kątomierz)
myself included
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wliczając mnie
somewhere in the region of (e.g. 600 eur)
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around/about (e.g. 600 eur)
a week or so -> more than a week but unclear how much more
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e.g. it's going to take a week or so
explain: a smattering (only signular)
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a small amount of something
explain: a dash / a smidgen of sth
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very small quantity
explain: a dollop
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usually a small amount (but you can also say a large dollop)
explain: sth along those lines
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in a similar way (e.g. The first day there is usually a welcome dinner or something along those lines.)
explain: suchlike
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used for referring to things of the same kind as those that you have already mentioned (e.g. we sell books, magazines and suchlike)
to say something in a way that is not loud or clear enough so that your words are difficult to understand
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to mumble / to mutter
to frequently ask someone to do something that they do not want to do
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to nag someone to do sth
to frequently criticize someone, often for qualities or habits that are difficult to change
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to nag someone about sth
explain: to bicker (w/ someone) about sth
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to argue in an irritated way, usually about sth petty (syn. squabble)
to criticise someone in an insulting way [informal]
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to slag someone off
explain: to chat away
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same as to chat but suggests light, non-serious talk
explain: to wind sb up
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to trick someone by telling them something that is not true (e.g. At first I thought they were winding me up.)
to say nice things because you want something from someone (negative connotations)
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to butter sb up
to have difficulty in saying an 's' sound and making a 'th' sound instead
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to lisp (= seplenić)
to speak or say something with unusual pauses or repeated sounds, either because of speech problems or because of fear or nervousness
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to stammer = to stutter (= jąkać się, zacinać się)
a way of speaking in which the words are not pronounced clearly or separately, for example when the speaker is very tired or drunk
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a slur (also to slur) | often bc of too much alcohol
explain: tongue-tied [informal][adjective]
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unable to speak because you are nervous or embarrassed
explain: a bedsit
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a flat w/ only one room which is a bedroom and a sitting room
explain: a sitcom
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short for situational comedy; a kind of humorous TV programme
explain: a biopic
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short for biographical picture; a film about the life of a real person

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