câu hỏi  |
câu trả lời |
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" bắt đầu học
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" bắt đầu học
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" bắt đầu học
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste bắt đầu học
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... bắt đầu học
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? bắt đầu học
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? bắt đầu học
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First distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Second distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Third distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Fourth distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Fifth distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Sixth distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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Seventh distinct in culture: bắt đầu học
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? bắt đầu học
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? bắt đầu học
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: bắt đầu học
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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bắt đầu học
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? bắt đầu học
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instruction and moral progress
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bắt đầu học
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care given to development of the mind
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bắt đầu học
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? bắt đầu học
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? bắt đầu học
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? bắt đầu học
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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bắt đầu học
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Socio-cultural patterns... bắt đầu học
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... bắt đầu học
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... bắt đầu học
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? bắt đầu học
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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bắt đầu học
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... bắt đầu học
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Culture is a system that has... bắt đầu học
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... bắt đầu học
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: bắt đầu học
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. bắt đầu học
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? bắt đầu học
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. bắt đầu học
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: bắt đầu học
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? bắt đầu học
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? bắt đầu học
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? bắt đầu học
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? bắt đầu học
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? bắt đầu học
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? bắt đầu học
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: bắt đầu học
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? bắt đầu học
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It includes numerous "languages".
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bắt đầu học
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? bắt đầu học
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? bắt đầu học
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? bắt đầu học
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? bắt đầu học
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... bắt đầu học
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? bắt đầu học
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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bắt đầu học
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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bắt đầu học
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anything that produces meaning.
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bắt đầu học
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? bắt đầu học
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? bắt đầu học
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution bắt đầu học
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: bắt đầu học
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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bắt đầu học
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... bắt đầu học
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Mass production process... bắt đầu học
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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bắt đầu học
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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bắt đầu học
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? bắt đầu học
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? bắt đầu học
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? bắt đầu học
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The first magazine published and when? bắt đầu học
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When was telegraph invented? bắt đầu học
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What was the first movie and when was it published? bắt đầu học
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? bắt đầu học
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? bắt đầu học
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When did the internet start working around? bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: bắt đầu học
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: bắt đầu học
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: bắt đầu học
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: bắt đầu học
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: bắt đầu học
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"favoured by people generally"
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bắt đầu học
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: bắt đầu học
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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bắt đầu học
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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bắt đầu học
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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bắt đầu học
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... bắt đầu học
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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bắt đầu học
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? bắt đầu học
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? bắt đầu học
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... bắt đầu học
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: bắt đầu học
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: bắt đầu học
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... bắt đầu học
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... bắt đầu học
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... bắt đầu học
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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bắt đầu học
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... bắt đầu học
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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bắt đầu học
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... bắt đầu học
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the authentic with commercial.
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bắt đầu học
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... bắt đầu học
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... bắt đầu học
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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bắt đầu học
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... bắt đầu học
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... bắt đầu học
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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bắt đầu học
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... bắt đầu học
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... bắt đầu học
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... bắt đầu học
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... bắt đầu học
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... bắt đầu học
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The MP3 file format was developed in... bắt đầu học
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... bắt đầu học
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The Napster shut down in... bắt đầu học
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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bắt đầu học
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: bắt đầu học
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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bắt đầu học
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... bắt đầu học
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... bắt đầu học
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... bắt đầu học
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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bắt đầu học
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... bắt đầu học
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The Frankfurt School moved to... bắt đầu học
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: bắt đầu học
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... bắt đầu học
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... bắt đầu học
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... bắt đầu học
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... bắt đầu học
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... bắt đầu học
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Culture industry uses a... bắt đầu học
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... bắt đầu học
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... bắt đầu học
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... bắt đầu học
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... bắt đầu học
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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bắt đầu học
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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bắt đầu học
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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bắt đầu học
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endless stream of movies.
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bắt đầu học
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... bắt đầu học
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... bắt đầu học
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... bắt đầu học
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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bắt đầu học
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... bắt đầu học
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... bắt đầu học
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... bắt đầu học
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... bắt đầu học
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... bắt đầu học
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... bắt đầu học
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... bắt đầu học
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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bắt đầu học
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... bắt đầu học
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... bắt đầu học
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Youth subcultures express... bắt đầu học
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opposition to the generation gap.
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bắt đầu học
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Resistance is expressed through... bắt đầu học
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: bắt đầu học
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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bắt đầu học
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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bắt đầu học
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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bắt đầu học
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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bắt đầu học
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... bắt đầu học
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Middle 1970s subculture was... bắt đầu học
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... bắt đầu học
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Early 1980s subculture was... bắt đầu học
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Another early 1980s subculture was... bắt đầu học
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The skinhead value system and style... bắt đầu học
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... bắt đầu học
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... bắt đầu học
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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bắt đầu học
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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bắt đầu học
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... bắt đầu học
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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bắt đầu học
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: bắt đầu học
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... bắt đầu học
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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bắt đầu học
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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bắt đầu học
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... bắt đầu học
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Post-subcultural generation... bắt đầu học
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... bắt đầu học
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bắt đầu học
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usually followed by a slogan.
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bắt đầu học
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are based on visual style.
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bắt đầu học
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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bắt đầu học
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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bắt đầu học
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial bắt đầu học
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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bắt đầu học
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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bắt đầu học
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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bắt đầu học
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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bắt đầu học
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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bắt đầu học
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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bắt đầu học
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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bắt đầu học
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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bắt đầu học
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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bắt đầu học
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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bắt đầu học
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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bắt đầu học
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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bắt đầu học
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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bắt đầu học
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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