Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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neurodevelopmental disorders
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a cluster of disorders characterized by abnormalities in brain development affecting emotion, learning ability, self-control, and memory with a typically early onset that unfolds as a person grows
intellectual disability (intellectual development disorder)
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a neurodevelopmental disorder that appears before adulthood, characterized by an individual's significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors, with significantly sub-average intellectual functioning
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
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U.S. statute that guides how early intervention and special education services are provided to infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities
global developmental delay
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a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis used for individuals who are 5 years of age or younger and fail to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
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a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and, in some instances, cognitive delays
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the areas of social skills, behavior, and communication
communication disorders
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a cluster of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects how a person speaks and communicates to the extent that it interferes with school, work, or even relationships
language disorder
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a neurodevelopmental communication disorder characterized by difficulties in learning and using language that involve the processing of linguistic information due to deficits in comprehension or production
speech sound disorder
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a neurodevelopmental communication disorder describing those who have problems with pronunciation and articulation to the extent that they interfere with being understood or prevent verbal communication
phonological knowledge
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knowledge of speech sounds that enables an individual to produce speech
movements of the articulation
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the ability to coordinate the jaw, tongue, and lips
childhood onset fluency disorder
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a neurodevelopmental communication disorder subcategory reserved for frequent, persistent, and marked instances of stuttering
social (pragmatic) communication disorder
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a neurodevelopmental communication disorder describing difficulties in social use of verbal and nonverbal communication, which affects social participation, relationships, academic achievement, or job performance (or any combination)
unspecified communication disorder
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a neurodevelopmental communication disorder reserved for those who have symptoms of a communication disorder but who do not meet all criteria and whose symptoms cause distress or impairment
specific learning disorder
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a neurodevelopmental disorder describing difficulties learning and using academic skills
dyslexia
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an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and spelling difficulties
dyscalculia
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an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate or fluent calculations
motor disorders
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a new DSM-5 subcategory of neurodevelopmental disorders that includes developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome
developmental coordination disorder
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a neurodevelopmental disorder subcategory of the motor disorders characterized by impaired skills requiring motor coordination; also known as dyspraxia or clumsy child syndrome
stereotypic movement disorder
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a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, nonfunctional motor behaviors that markedly interferes with normal activities or can result in bodily injury
tic disorders
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a subcategory of the neurodevelopmental motor disorders, distinguished by the presence of motor and/or vocal tics
simple motor tics
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uncontrolled body movements that are of short duration
complex motor tics
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uncontrolled body movements that last longer than simple motor tics and can include a combination of simple tics such as simultaneous head turning and shoulder shrugging
copropraxia
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a complex motor tic behavior characterized by making an obscene gesture
echopraxia
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a tic-like imitation of another's physical gestures and movements similar to a pantomime
palilalia
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complex vocal tics characterized by repeating one's own sounds or words

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