Ch. 2

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Surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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prefrontal lobotomy
Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
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heuristic
watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
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naturalistic observation
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
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external validity
extent to which we can draw case-and-effect inferences from a study
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internal validity
research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
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case study
demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
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existence proof
procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
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random selection
consistency of measurement
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reliability
extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure
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validity
tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
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response set
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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correlational design
grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data
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scatterplot
perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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illusory correlation
research design characterized by random assignment of participant to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
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experiment
randomly sorting participants into two groups
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random aassignment
group of participants that receives the manipulation
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experimental group
the group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation
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control group
variable that an experimenter manipulates
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independent variable
variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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dependent variable
a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
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operational definition
improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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placebo effect
unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
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blind (participant)
phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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experimenter expectancy effect
when neither the researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group
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double-blind
harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
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nocebo effect
cues that participants pick up from a study that allows them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
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demand characteristics
informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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informed consent
application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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statistics
numerical characterizations that describe data
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descriptive statistics
measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
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central tendency
average; measure of central tendency
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mean
middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
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median
most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
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mode
measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
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variability
difference between the highest and lowest scores; a measure of variability
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range
measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
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standard deviation
mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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inferential statistics

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